SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION [BACK]	FORAGING	PASTORALISM	HORTICULTURE (including swidden agriculture)	INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE	INDUSTRIALISM
WHEN STARTED? (NOTE THAT THESE SYSTEMS CAN GO ON AT THE SAME TIME IN DIFFERENT PLACES. IN SOME PLACES THERE WAS A TRANSITION FROM ONE TO THE NEXT WHILE IN OTHER PLACES THERE WAS NO CHANGE)
WHAT IS IT PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE FOR GROWING THINGS, DOING WORK. SOLAR ENERGY → photosynthesis → plant matter → food for animals and energy storage (can become fossil fuels)	Foraging is a mode of production involving minimal technologies to acquire food and other goods through a combination of hunting wild animals and collecting wild plants. SOLAR	Pastoralism and horticulture started around the same time in different places Pastoralism From the word “pasture,” is the production of food predominantly from the exploitation of domesticated animals. It is what might conventionally be called “herding” or “ranching.” Thus, the primary “work” to be done was tending and exploiting animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, horses, pigs, and other smaller creatures, depending on the locally available species. SOLAR	Horticulture can be defined as farming without the use of technologies like the plow, irrigation, fertilizer, or draft animals. In horticulture the natural environment (e.g. forest) is modified but not removed and replaced with something else like a clearer plowed field. (swidden agriculture is the most common type of horticulture) SOLAR	Intensive agriculture is high-input, high-yield farming employing such technologies as the plow, irrigation, fertilizer, and draft animals (all the ones missing from horticulture). The previous environment is usually changed to something different– permanent farmlands SOLAR	Industrialism New kind of production based on industry or machines and machine-generated energy. FOSSIL FUELS, SOLAR
PLACE	Very large area, low population density (why needed?)	Relatively large area due to need for animal food	Relatively large area due to need for fallow period	Smaller total area with permanent farmlands accessible by many people -- development of towns and cities	New spatial arrangement with urban areas, agricultural areas linked by transportation/trade networks
	FORAGING	PASTORALISM	HORTICULTURE (including swidden agriculture)	INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE	INDUSTRIALISM
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION (social groups, corporate groups)	Small band, usually family groupings	Larger groups, kinship ties	Larger groups, kinship ties	Much larger groups, kinship ties expand to clan level	Nuclear families and larger kinship groups restricted to domestic sphere
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION	Usually BAND	Usually BAND or TRIBE	Usually CHIEFDOM	Usually STATE	STATE
PREDOMINANT TYPE OF EXCHANGE (RECIPROCAL VS MARKET)	Reciprocal	Reciprocal primarily	Reciprocal primarily	Both reciprocal and market	Both reciprocal and market